身体隐喻：构词理据、功能变换、冗赘与错位

身体隐喻：构词理据、功能变换、冗赘与错位

内容提要：人们常常利用自己最熟悉的身体器官和部位，构成身体隐喻概念，来认知、体验和感受其他领域的隐喻概念。本文主要论述与身体隐喻有关的构词理据、功能变换、冗赘、和错位等四个问题

关键词：身体隐喻、构词理据、功能变换、冗赘、错位

0. 绪论

人最熟悉自己的身体，这是不言而喻的。人又最不熟悉自己的身体，对自身的奥秘所知甚少。人体构成许多学科研究，包括医学、生理学、解剖学、心理学、认知科学、体育学、人体艺术科学、语言学等。语言学家感兴趣的是：语言是怎样起源的?为什么人会说话，而动物不会?儿童是如何学会说话的?人是怎样通过语言相互交流的?讲不同语言的人是怎样相互理解和沟通的?这一大堆谜至今尚未破解。

概念(concept)是客观事物在人脑中的反映，是在客观事物基础上概括而成的。宇宙和世界上存在无数事物，相关的事物属于同一范畴或领域。相应地，也就存在无数的概念，并形成一个庞大的概念系统。人类对自身的认识形成一个概念子系统—身体概念系统。

概念是通过语言形式表达和体现的。语言是一个反映概念、但又受规则制约的庞大系统。人类各种语言中都有相应的表示身体器官和部位的名词、表示身体动作的动词、以及描述身体的形容词，构成表示身体的语言子系统。在日常生活中，人们常常使用反映某一领域事物和表达某一范畴概念的语言形式，来反映另一领域事物和表达另一范畴概念。从本质上讲，人的概念系统是隐喻性的(metaphorical)，而概念隐喻(conceptual metaphor)是通过语言隐喻(linguistic metaphor)体现出来的。也就是说，反映概念的语言在很大程度上也是隐喻性的。因此，语言中的词和词组具有隐喻性。自然，表示身体的词和词组也具有潜在的隐喻性。

从认知的角度看，人的概念系统主要是建立在概念隐喻之上的。因此，人的概念系统中存在着概念隐喻。通过隐喻，人们可以利用已有的经验，来认知新的感受，并认知比较抽象的事物或概念。人们是提高自己的经验，来建立自己的思维模式的。作为语言的基本形式，词汇的产生是与概念隐喻密切相关的。理解词汇的意义，不能停留在语言形式的表层，还应该深入到产生各种语言现象的思维模式之中。

隐喻研究本是一门古老的学科，涉及传统的修辞学研究，后又涉及文体学研究。现在人们从认知科学和文化学的角度，重新审视和认识隐喻。人们常常利用自己最熟悉的身体器官和部位，构成身体隐喻(body metaphor)概念，来认知、体验和感受其他领域的隐喻概念。本文主要论述与身体隐喻有关的构词理据(motivation of word-making)、功能变换(change of function)、冗赘(redundancy)、和错位(dislocation)等四个问题。

1.构词理据

身体隐喻是构建新的语言形式，包括词、词组等语言单位的重要理据。人常

借用身体某个器官或部位的功能特点构成隐喻概念，来认知另外一个领域的隐喻概念。相应的表示身体器官或部位的词具有喻义，来表示另外一个领域的概念。身体隐喻作为构词理据，主要体现在基本词(basic word)、修饰词(modifying word)、叠音词(reiterative locution)、同义重复(synonymous repetition)、互反(converse)和习语(idiom)等六个方面。分述如下：

1.1 基本词

表示身体器官或部位的词具有喻义，可以用来充当基本词，表示另外一个领域的概念。“手”是体育运动员必须使用的身体部位，汉语中“手”成为基本词，可以用来表示体育运动员，例如：选手、老手、新手、国手、投篮手、二传手等。同样地，“脚”是足球运动员必须使用的身体部位，汉语中“脚”现在也变成基本词，用来表示足球运动员，例如：国脚。“嘴”现在也成为基本词，表示著名的电视主持人，例如：名嘴、国嘴。“首”作为基本词，表示“领导人”，例如：元首、党首、特首等。

英语的hand 作为基本词，具有worker 的意思，例如：new hand, old hand, farmhand等。

英语的head 作为基本词，具有leader,top person 的意思，例如：head of state, head of government, head of the family, head of the English Department, head of the FBI等。

1.2 修饰词

表示身体器官或部位的词具有喻义，也可以用来充当修饰词，表示另外一个领域的概念。器官名词作为修饰词，有两种方式。一是，放在基本词前面。head 具有leading, chief, top, No.1 的意思，例如：headmaster, head teacher, head waiter, head chef, head gardener, head boy等。

二是数词/色彩词/特征形容词 + 器官名词-ed/器官名词结构，作为形容词表示人或事物的特征;或作为副词表示状态与方式。例如：

1) a. I know he is a two-faced person and I don’t trust him an inch.

b. I know he is double-faced and I don’t trust him at all.

c. I know he is deceitful and insincere, and I don’t trust him

in the least.

2) a. This is a three-legged table.

b. This is a table with three legs.

3) Beware of jealousy, it is a green-eyed monster. (William

Shakespeare: Othello.)

4) a. He is green-fingered.

b. He is good at gardening.

5) a. She caught the cat red-handed drinking the milk.

b. She caught the cat at the moment when it was drinking the milk.

6) a. The police caught the thief red-handed with his pocket full of

jewels.

7) b. The police caught the thief on the scene of the crime with his

pocket full of jewels

a. He is light-fingered.

b. He is a pickpocket.

9) a. He is light-footed.

b. He is capable of moving lightly and quickly.

10)a. He is light-headed.

b. He is feeling slightly faint.

c. He is feeling slightly dizzy.

11)a. You have to be hard-headed if you want to be successful in

business.

b. You have to be shrewd, practical and not sentimental if you want

to be successful in business.

12)a. He is hot-headed and never stops to think of the results of

his actions.

b. He is rash, impulsive, headstrong and impetuous, and never stops

to think of the results of his actions.

13)a. He is hot-blooded.

b. He is easily angered.

c. He is excitable.

14)a. He is a hot-blooded lover.

b. He is an ardent lover.

c. He is a passionate lover.

1.3 叠音词

叠音词指在词组中重复使用同一个词，英语中有两种情况。一是两个人相同的身体器官或部位处于相对或邻近位置，face to face, eye to eye, heart to heart, back to back, head to head, tête-à-tête, shoulder to shoulder, hand to hand, hand in hand, arm in arm 等，表示相对或邻近的关系。例如：

1) a. I’ve never met him face to face. We’ve only talked on the

phone.

b. I’ve never met him directly. We’ve only talked on the phone.

2) a. We finally stood face to face.

b. We finally succeeded in seeing each other.

3) a. John came face to face with Jane at the gate of the park.

b. John met Jane unexpectedly at the gate of the park.

4) a. The two brothers came face to face in a crowd.

b. The two brothers suddenly met each other in a crowd.

5) a. He was brought face to face with the truth about his son’s

disappearance.

b. He had to accept the truth about his son’s disappearance.

6) a. This was the first time I’d ever come face to face with poverty.

b. This was the first time I’d ever had to deal with poverty.

7) We had a face-to-face meeting/conversation.

a. We don’t usually see eye to eye on many things.

b. We don’t usually agree on many things.

9) a. I hope we shall see eye to eye in this matter.

b. I hope we shall agree in this matter.

10) a. Why don’t you have a heart-to-heart with him and sort out your problems?

b. Why don’t you have a heart-to-heart talk with him and sort out your problems?

c. Why don’t you have a frank and intimate talk with him and sort out your problems?

11)They sat back to back on the grass.

12)Let’s stand back to back and we’ll see who is taller.

13)a. I’ll go head to head with you

b. I’ll deal with you in a very direct and determined way.

14)a. John and Peter had a cosy tête-à-tête.

b. John and Peter had a cosy private conversation.

15)a. John and Peter met tête-à-tête.

b. John and Peter met in private.

16)a. We worked shoulder to shoulder for five years.

b. We worked together for five years to achieve the same thing.

17)a. We stand shoulder to shoulder with each other.

b. We share the same opinion and support each other in what we are doing.

18)a. The document was passed from hand to hand.

b. The document was passed from person to person.

19)a. The two countries had a hand-to-hand fighting.

b. The two countries had a close and desperate fighting, without artillery.

20)a. John had a hand-to-hand combat with Peter.

b. John had a close and desperate combat with Peter.

21)a. John and Jane walked hand in hand, through the flower garden.

b. John and Jane walked, holding each other’s hand, through the flower garden.

22)a. The two firm worked hand in hand.

b. The two firms worked in close association.

23)a. High unemployment and high crime often go hand in hand.

b. High unemployment and high crime are often closely connected.

24)a. War and suffering often go hand in hand.

b. War and suffering are often closely associated with one another.

c. War and suffering are often linked together.

25)a. The young couple strolled happily arm in arm.

b. The young couple strolled happily, with the arm of the husband linked with the arm of the wife.

二是以同样的器官对付他人，主要用于固定词组an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth，汉语译为“以眼还眼，以牙还牙”。英语有类似的表达方法：to pay sb back in their own coin，意思为to treat sb in the same unpleasant way as they have treated you。汉语也有类似的说法：“以其人之道，还治其人之身”。 例如：

26) An eye for an eye is no way to run a civilized justice system.

27) The death penalty for murder works on the principle of an eye for an eye.

1.4 同义重复

同义重复本来指同时使用两个同义的词或词组，重述同一种现象。身体隐喻使用器官名词，而器官名词几乎难以见到同义词。因此，身体隐喻的同义重复主要指利用关系相近的器官名词构成词组，重述同一种现象。英语的heart and soul的意思为with all one’s feeling and spirit或completely;skin and bone的意思为very thin in a way that is unattractive and unhealthy;tooth and nail的意思为(of fighting) fiercely; with extreme fierceness;one’s won flesh and blood 的意思为a person who is member of one’s family;More than flesh and blood can stand/bear/endure的意思为 One finds sth too unpleasant to think about。例如：

1) a. John loves Jane heart and soul.

b. John loves Jane with all his feeling and spirit.

c. John loves Jane completely.

2) a. Mary was all skin and bone when she got back from her world tour.

b. Mary was extremely thin in a way she was unattractive and

unhealthy when she got back from her world tour.

3) a. Jane and her sister are always arguing tooth and nail about who

will do the dishing.

b. Jane and her sister are always arguing fiercely about who will do the dishing.

4) a, She attacked the old man tooth and nail, for coming down late for breakfast.

b. She attacked the old man fiercely, for coming down late for

breakfast.

5) a. He fought tooth and nail against the robber.

b. He fought with extreme fierceness against the robber.

6) a. I couldn’t see my own flesh and blood insulted in this way.

b. I couldn’t see a member from my family insulted in this way.

7) a. The people left the town after the air-raid; it was more than

flesh and blood could stand.

b. The people left the town after the air-raid; they found it too unpleasant to think about.

1.5 互反

互反本来指同时使用两个反义的词或词组，重述同一种现象。身体隐喻使用器官名词，而器官名词几乎不存在同义词。(仅能想到的例子为汉语的“用心好好想”和“用脑子好好想”。)因此，身体隐喻的互反主要指利用关系相反或位置对立的器官名词构成词组，重述同一种现象。英语的body and soul的意思为with one’s entire self或completely;to keep body and soul together 的意思为to survive with only just enough food or money;to bind/tie sb hand and foot 的意思为to bind/tie sb’s hands and feet together和to take away sb’s freedom of action;to make head or tail of sth的意思为to understand sth，其理据是有的动物形状奇特，而让人难以辨别其头尾。例如：

1) a. John threw himself body and soul into his work.

b. John threw himself completely into his work.

2) a. John tried to keep body and soul together.

b. John tried to survive with only just enough money.

3) a. They bound/tied the man hand and foot

b. They bound/tied the man’s hands and feet together.

c. They took away the man’s freedom of action

4) a. He showed me the plan of his new house, but I couldn’t make head or tail of it.

b. He showed me the plan of his new house, but I couldn’t understand it.

1.6 习语

由于人们最熟悉自己的身体，所以有许许多多由器官名词构成的习语。这样的身体隐喻不胜枚举，仅列出若干例句：

1) a. The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.

b. You would like to do something, but are not strong enough, either

physically or mentally, to do it.

2) a. The traitor was found to be hand in glove with the enemy.

b. The traitor was found to be intimately associated with the enemy.

3) a. John has never saved money but always lived from hand to mouth.

b. John has never saved money but always lived without any provision for the future.

4) a. Tom was obviously head over heels in love with his new bride.

b. Tom was obviously in deep love with his new bride.

5) a. Sam has the victim’s blood on his hands.

b. Sam carries the responsibility for the victim’s death.

2. 功能变换

山东方言说：“你的手瘸了。”本来“瘸”的意思是指“腿脚的功能不健全”。这里却指“手的功能不健全”。这种变换器官名词的功能的描述方法，实际上是说“你的手笨”，表达的是“笨拙”(clumsy)的概念隐喻。”又如，山东方言说：“我的鼻子聋了。”将用于听觉领域(auditory domain)的“聋”，取代用于嗅觉领域(olfactory domain)的“不灵”。河南方言说：“我的鼻子瞎了。”将用于视觉领域(visual domain)的“瞎”，取代用于嗅觉领域的“不灵”。这种不同感觉领域的功能变换，表达的也是“笨拙”的概念隐喻。我国方言中采用的功能变换的手法，具有夸张、形象而生动的特点。这些例子说明一个领域的概念隐喻在另一个领域的映现。

英语的sweet的原义是 pleasing to the tongue，即“甜”，表达的是味觉领域的概念隐喻。sweet 也可以表示pleasing to the ear(悦耳)，和 pleasing to the nose(香)。sweet由味觉领域的功能变换为听觉领域和嗅觉领域功能，也具有夸张、形象而生动的特点。例如：

1) a. Sugar tastes sweet.

b. Sugar has a sweet taste.

c. Sugar is pleasing to the tongue.

2) a. The music sounds sweet

b. The music is pleasing to the ear.

3) a. These roses smell sweet.

b. These roses are pleasing to the nose.

Lakoff 和Johnson(1980)提出了SEEING IS TOUCHING(看就是触摸);EYES ARE LIMBS(眼睛就是四肢)的概念隐喻。触觉领域(tactile domain)是源域(source domain)，视觉领域是目的域(target domain)。Lakoff(1994)又将眼睛比喻成“有视觉的四肢”(visual limbs)，并对这个概念隐喻由触觉领域到视觉领域的映现，作了详尽的描述：

Source: Limbs can be directed. (四肢可以被引导)

Target: Vision can be directed. (视觉可以被引导)

Source: A limb can go in only one direction at a time. (单肢一次只能沿一个方向移动)

Target: Vision can go in only one direction at a time. (视觉一次只能沿一个方向移动)

Source: Limbs can extend from the body to other objects. (四肢可以由身体延伸至其它物体)

Target: Vision can move from the body to other objects. (视觉可以由身体延伸至其它物体)

Source: Tactile perception occurs when a limb touches an object. (当单肢接触到一个物体时，触觉出现)

Target: Visual perception occurs when the eye-gaze touches an object. (当眼力接触到一个物体时，视觉出现)

Source: Limbs can pick out up objects. (四肢可以拿起物体)

Target: Vision can pick out objects. (视觉可以看到物体)

Lakoff(1994)使用了to pick out, to run , to take, to be glued to, to be out, to meet等属于触觉领域的词或词组，来描述eyes/gaze的动作，表示“看到”的概念隐喻。例如：

4) My eyes picked out every detail of the pattern.

5) I ran my eyes over the walls.

6) I couldn’t take my eyes off her.

7) His eyes are glued to the TV.

My gaze is out over the bay.

9) Their eyes met.

Lakoff(1994)进一步提出PERCEPTION IS TOUCH(感觉就是触摸)和PERCEPTUAL ORGANS ARE LIMBS(感觉器官就是四肢)的概念隐喻。表现触觉领域概念隐喻的词不仅可以延伸到视觉领域，而且甚至还可以延伸到听觉领域和嗅觉领域。例如：

10) From the top of the mountain, I can pick up broadcasts from Moscow on my radio.

11) From my deck, I can pick out the sounds of construction on campus.

12) Through the walls, I can pick out the aroma of the saffron in the

bouillabaisse being cooked in the next apartment.

13) Through the piles of leaves that had fallen since the storm last

night, the dogs picked up the scent of the escaped prisoner.

英语动词词组to pick up 的意思是to be able to see or hear sb or sth, or to smell a slight smell，不仅可以表现触觉领域的概念隐喻，而且可以表现视觉领域、听觉领域和嗅觉领域的概念隐喻。而to pick out 的意思是to see sb or sth in a group of people or things，不仅可以表现触觉领域的概念隐喻，而且可以表现视觉领域的概念隐喻。例如：

14) They picked the yacht on their radar screen.

15) We picked up radio signals for help from the damaged plane.

16) He picked up an interesting piece of news.

17) He picked up the faint aroma of apple pie.

18) He picked out his sister in the crowd.

19) I could just pick out a few landmarks in the gloom.

同样地，to come, to hit 和to strike等表现触觉领域的概念隐喻的词，也可以表现视觉领域、听觉领域或嗅觉领域的概念隐喻。Lakoff(1994)使用了如下的例句：

20) A comet came into my sight.

21) The noise came through the walls.

22) The smell of the bay came through the fog.

23) The aroma of garlic hit me as I walked into the kitchen.

24) He was struck dumb by the sight of her.

笔者在《英语意念语法》(王逢鑫，1989)中，将感觉性动词(sense verb)分为感觉能力型动词(sensibility verb)、感觉行为型动词(sense actional verb)和感觉表现型动词(sense expression verb)。感觉能力型动词表示人的视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉等官能。感觉行为型动词表示人利用各种感觉器官，主动地去感受外界事物刺激的行为。感觉表现型动词表示人的各种感觉器官对外界事物客观表现的感觉，也就是外界事物对人的各种感觉器官刺激所产生的结果。感觉除了与官能(sensibility)、行为(action)和表现(expression)相关之外，还与鉴赏(appreciation)和判断(judgment)有关。对能使感觉器官愉悦的事物，人除了感觉之外，还要欣赏、品味、鉴赏和判断。表示“感觉”的概念隐喻，常常可以表示“鉴赏”和“判断”的概念隐喻。英语中，一些本来属于感觉领域的词和词组，例如eye, ear, taste, flavour, savour等，可以映现鉴赏领域和判断领域的概念。请看下列例句：

25) a. He has always had an eye for a bargain.

b. He has always had a natural ability to notice a bargain.

26) a. John has a good eye for colour.

b. John is good at noticing and recognizing colour.

c. He has a natural ability to judge colour.

27) a. Jane has a good eye for fashion.

b. Jane has an ability to judge fashion.

28) a. Jane has got a good ear for music.

b. Jane has got a natural appreciation for music.

29) a. She has a good ear for languages.

b. She has a keen recognition and discrimination of sounds in languages.

30) a. Can you taste the garlic in this dish?

b. Can you perceive the flavour of the garlic in this dish?

31) a. He tasted the soup to see if he had put enough salt in it.

b. He tested the flavour of the soup to see if he had put enough salt in it.

32) a. Mary has good/excellent taste in clothes.

b. Mary can make good/excellent judgments in clothes.

33) a. John has really bad/no taste in music/art.

b. John makes really bad/no judgments in music/art.

34) a. John has no taste for pop music.

b. John has no natural appreciation of pop music.

35) a. This soup has a strong flavour of spices.

b. This soup has a strong savour of spices.

b. This soup has a strong taste of spices.

36) a. Here you can relax, chat and savour a variety of local dishes.

b. Here you can relax, chat and enjoy the taste of a variety of local dishes.

37) a. John drunk the wine slowly, savouring every drop.

b. John drunk the wine slowly, enjoying the taste of every drop.

38) a. Now the exams are over, I’m savouring my freedom.

b. Now the exams are over, I’m enjoying my freedom.

39) a. Her remarks savour of hypocrisy.

b. Her remarks sound somewhat hypocritical.

3. 冗赘

人体器官是具有固定数量的。在语言中，如果描写一个人具有超过正常数量的器官，可以视为“冗赘”。实际上，多余数量的器官表示了新的功能，它是一个领域的概念隐喻在另一个领域的映现。汉语的“两面派”，是指玩弄两面手法的、有欺骗性的、不真诚的人。“千面人”是对善于变脸的喜剧演员的形象概括。而“千人一面 ”，是指雷同、没有个性。“三只手”，则指小偷、扒手之类。汉语中采用的冗赘的手法，也具有夸张、形象而生动的特点。这些例子说明一个领域的概念隐喻可以延伸到另外一个领域。

英语身体隐喻中也有冗赘的描述方法。超过正常数量的器官，表现出新的功能。例如：

1) a. He has got two left hands.

b. He is very clumsy with his hands.

2) a. I can’t dance. I’ve got two left feet.

b. I can’t dance. I am very clumsy with my feet.

3) a. It’s so cold this morning my fingers are all thumbs.

b. It’s so cold this morning all my fingers are thumbs.

c. It’s so cold this morning I’m clumsy with my hands.

人本来仅有一只左手和一只左脚，而每只手上仅有一个拇指。英语用“长了两只左手”、“长了两只左脚”、“所有的手指都是拇指”等夸张手法，表达“笨拙”的意思。身体器官的冗赘，构成了“笨拙”的概念隐喻。

4. 错位

人体器官本来都是长在固定地方的。汉语身体隐喻“头上长角，身上长刺”，描述在不应该长的地方长了某种器官，就是一种错位。这个文革中流行一时的说法，原意想表现“造反有理”的叛逆精神，试图赋予褒义。但是，随着文革后拨乱反正，这个词组的意义得到正名，仍具有“横行霸道、蛮不讲理”的贬义。另一个身体隐喻“心怀鬼胎”，也是描述在不应该长的地方长了某种器官，也是一种错位，其意思是“怀着不可告人的目的”。

身体隐喻“心眼不正”，描述器官没有长在应该长的地方，也是一种错位，表达“心地不善良”。的意思。这使人联想起英语的习语His/Her heart is in the right place，其意思是 He/She is really a kind person even though he/she may not appear to be。例如：

1) John is a little grouchy sometimes, but his heart’s in the right place.

2) John has an ugly face but his heart’s in the right place.

英语身体隐喻的错位手法，可以表现为在不应该长的地方长了某种器官。to

be all fingers and thumbs，描述全身长满手指，反而动作不灵活，构成了“笨拙”的概念隐喻，具有贬义。例如：

3) a. I’m sorry I dropped your cup—I’m all fingers and thumbs.

b. I’m sorry I dropped your cup—I’m so clumsy with my hands.

而to be all ears描述全身长满耳朵，构成了“洗耳恭听”的概念隐喻，具有褒义;to be all eyes描述全身长满眼睛，构成了“全神贯注”的概念隐喻，也具有褒义。例如：

4) a. I’m all ears.

b. I’m listening attentively.

5) a. We were all eyes as he slowly drew back the curtain.

b. We watched carefully as he slowly drew back the curtain.

英语身体隐喻的错位手法，还可以表现为将器官放在不应该放的地方。这种夸张手法看似荒唐，实际上有其合理性。to put one’s foot in their mouth，表达的是“说错话”，“说蠢话”。例如：

6) a. Let’s all be very careful about what we say at the meeting

tomorrow. I don’t want anyone putting their foot in their mouth.

b. Let’s all be very careful about what we way at the meeting

tomorrow. I don’t want anyone saying anything wrong/foolish.

动词词组to have one’s heart in their boots 和to eat one’s heart out的意思都是 to be extremely sad or depressed with disappointment;而 to cry one’s heart out的意思是 to weep long and bitterly，描述的都是将器官放在不应该放的地方，表现了“悲伤”的情感隐喻，例如：

7) a. His heart was in his boots.

b. He ate his heart out.

b. He was extremely sad with disappointment.

a. She cried her heart out.

b. She wept long and bitterly.

动词词组to have one’s heart in their mouth的意思是 to suddenly feel very afraid，描述的也是将器官放在不应该放的地方，表现了“恐惧”的情感隐喻，例如：

9) a. My heart came into my mouth.

b. My heart was in my mouth.

b. I suddenly felt very afraid.

参考文献

Lakoff, G. & M. Johnson, 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Lakoff, G., 1994. Reflections on metaphor and grammar. In Essays in Semantics & Pragmatics, edited by Masayoshi Shibatani & Sandra Thompson.

王逢鑫，1999.《英语意念语法》(修订版)，北京：外文出版社。

Body Metaphor: Motivation of Word-Making,

Change of Function, Redundancy & Dislocation

Wang Fengxin Peking University 100871

Abstract: By means of the body organs and parts they are mostly familiar with, humans often form body metaphorical concepts, so as to know about , experience and feel about the metaphorical concepts of other domains. This paper mainly deals with such issues as motivation of word-making, change of function, redundancy and dislocation, which are related to body metaphor.

Key Words: body metaphor, motivation of word-making, change of function,

redundancy, dislocation

作者简介：王逢鑫，北京大学英语系教授、博士生导师，从事应用语言学、语义

学研究。主要著述有《英语意念语法》、《英语同义表达法》、《英语模糊语法》、《英汉比较语义学》、《英语情态表达法》、《汉英口译教程》等。

Tel:010-62765353

Email:wang_f_x@pku.edu.cn

(本文发表于大连外语学院《外语与外语教学》2002年12期)

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