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Innovations in Learning and Teaching: Individualizing

Instructional Strategies

By Mindy J. Oppenheim, M.Ed.

(Article Published by TRN InfoLine, May 1999)

Facilitating valued, meaningful employment for people with severe learning challenges was the original intention of supported employment. Although we’ve made great strides, in many areas people with severe challenges are still excluded from valued employment and community living opportunities. To realize our original intention, supported employment professionals are challenged to look to other fields of study for ideas, strategies and techniques that will help us in the areas of assessment, job matching and instructional programming, and teaching.

Fodor’s Frame Problem and Relevance Theory

(reply to Chiappe & Kukla)

Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson

Abstract: Chiappe and Kukla argue that relevance theory fails to solve the frame problem as defined by Fodor. They are right. They are wrong, however, to take Fodor’s frame problem too seriously. Fodor’s concerns, on the other hand, even though they are wrongly framed, are worth addressing. We argue that Relevance thoery helps address them.

The AI “frame problem” (McCarthy & Hayes 1969) has been reinterpreted in a variety of ways (Pylyshyn 1987). Fodor’s is the loosest and grandest reinterpretation of all (Fodor 1987). The “frame problem”, he writes, is: “Hamlet’s problem: when to stop thinking” (p.140); the problem of formalizing the distinction between “kooky facts” and “computationally relevant ones” (p.145); “just the problem of nondemonstrative inference” (p.146); “the problem of formalizing our intuitions about inductive relevance” (p.148). Fodor concludes that “the frame problem is too important to leave it to the hackers” (p.148), and Hayes retorts that “Fodor doesn’t know the frame problem from a bunch of bananas” (Hayes 1987: 132).

Argument Is War–Or is it a Game of Chess?

Multiple Meanings in the Analysis of Implicit Metaphors

David Ritchie

Metaphor and Symbol, 18(2), 125-146.

Abstract

Both Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Vervaeke and Kennedy (1996), in their critique of Lakoff and Johnson, draw narrowly from a broad range of reasonable interpretations of the metaphors they analyze. Expanding the interpretations vitiates many of Vervaeke and Kennedy’s criticisms, but it supports their call for an open interpretation of groups of metaphors, and points toward a more complex elaboration of the theories put forth by Lakoff and his colleagues.

法语学习网站资源

法语发音 http://phonetique.free.fr/indexphoncons.htm

可测试自己是否能分辨出法语音标间的差别, 是有声的, 很好玩!!

Accord (méthode de fran?ais) http://www.didieraccord.com/

初级练习 http://www.didieraccord.com/Accord1/dossier1/

“Accord” 是法语学习的教材, 进入它的网站有自我学习及订正的练习, 对於写作是一个练习的好机会.

主题学习 http://babelnet.sbg.ac.at/canalreve/bravo/index2.htm

站内依主题分, 共八个单元, 每个单元内又分会话, 字汇及写作. 会话的部份有小影片辅助教学, 生动活泼. 此网站比较适合已有法语基础者.

进阶练习 http://www.didierbravo.com/html/jeux/index.htm

法语程度不错者, 可进入挑战.

中英文对照：房屋租赁合同

出租方(甲方)Lessor (hereinafter referred to as Party A) ：

承租方(乙方)Lessee (hereinafter referred to as Party B) ：

根据国家有关法律、法规和有关规定，甲、乙双方在平等自愿的基础上，经友好协商一致，就甲方将其合法拥有的房屋出租给乙方使用，乙方承租使用甲方房屋事宜，订立本合同。

In accordance with relevant Chinese laws 、decrees and pertinent rules and regulations ,Party A and Party B have reached an agreement through friendly consultation to conclude the following contract.

In China, Nielsen has partnered with media information and data firm Meihua to launch a comprehensive source of media rates and related data across the region.

Since 2002, Meihua has provided market, business, and competitive intelligence to marketing professionals across China. The firm has a nationwide cross-media advertising monitoring database, and also offers news monitoring and market data and statistics captured from business information providers, government agencies, research firms and publications.

免费在线翻译网站收藏

语言障碍和翻译困难一直是困扰计算机用户的一个难题。如果你的英文欠佳，如果你是一个外国人在中国，或者因为学习、研究的需要，而在中文网站上你又找不到想要的资料，那么查找起来一定很麻烦。这时候就需要用翻译软件帮助我们理解信息。其实我们根本不用在计算机上安装那些庞大的即时翻译软件，比如金山词霸之类的软件，互联网上为我们提供了很多优秀的免费在线翻译网站，它们可以为我们提供十几种语言的互译功能，因此以下就给大家介绍几个比较好的网站，让你的翻译不再愁。

“中国联通在线翻译”：

http://www.165net.com

该网站为支持英、日、俄、德、中的互译功能，它为我们提供了“浏览翻译”、“即时翻译”、“上载翻译”、“邮件翻译”、“精细翻译”等功能。注意：该网站只支持中国联通宽带或165拨号上网的用户。

Converging and diverging evidence: corpora and other (cognitive) phenomena?　Dagmar Divjak (University of Sheffield) and Stefan Th. Gries (UCSB).
Proposal for a theme session at the Corpus Linguistics Conference 2009,Liverpool, 20-23 July 2009

[http://www.liv.ac.uk/english/CL2009/]

Over the last decade, it has become increasingly popular for (cognitive) linguists who believe that language emerges from use to turn to corpora as a source of authentic usage data (for an overview, see Gries & Stefanowitsch 2006).

Metaphor and the Space Structuring Model

Seana Coulson

University of California, San Diego

Teenie Matlock

University of California, Santa Cruz

ABSTRACT

We propose an account of metaphor comprehension based on conceptual blending theory. We review data from on-line processing measures that support predictions of conceptual blending theory, and report results of an off-line feature listing study that assessed how different sorts of contexts alter the information activated by a given word. Participants generated features for words used in the null context, in sentences that promoted a literal reading of the target word, sentences that promoted a metaphorical reading, and sentences that required literal mapping. In literal mapping, the literal sense of the word was used in a way that prompts the reader to blend it with structure from a different domain. Results revealed some overlap in the features generated in each of the four contexts, but that some proportion of the features listed for words in literal, literal mapping, and metaphoric sentence contexts were unique and context-specific.

英汉基本颜色词“黑”、“白”的认知语义分析

作者：张祝祥 杜凤兰

摘要：本文在认知语言学的框架内，以原型理论、隐喻和转喻为理论基础，以英汉语言中基本颜色词“黑”、“白”为例，比较分析不同语言中基本颜色词的认知语义结构的共性和个性并简要总结其成因。(《外语与外语教学》2007 年第5 期)

构式语法的“构式”之辩

作者：刘国辉

摘要：近十年来，构式语法研究获得了迅猛的发展，成果颇丰。作为认知语言学研究的一种新理论范式，笔者认为有必要就其核心概念“构式”进行一个多维诠释，以便为这方面感兴趣的研究者提供一个基本的认知框架，同时希望更多汉语界的同行把该理论范式带入汉语研究中，因为汉语这方面的语料很丰富，相信会有更多具有创新新的研究成果出现。(《外语与外语教学》2007 年第8 期)