Category: Cognitive Linguistics

摘要: 本文通过分析和举例, 说明概念转喻具有以下的特征：(1)概念转喻是一种认知操作，在这一过程和同一认知域中，来源域于为目标域提供了可及性。(2)来源义和目标义之间的关系是偶然性的，没有概念上的必然性。(3)转喻的目标义是突显的，而来源义是作为背景的。(4)转喻作为自然的推理图式在言语行为中起到重要的作用。(5)在转喻三种分类的基础上，我们必须区分高层次和低层次的转喻。(6)概念整合可为转喻的理解和解释提供一定的理据。

关键词: 概念转喻; 分类; 认知机制; 概念整合

认知语言学在中国

认知语言学的奠基人Langacker教授工作于美国加利福尼亚大学圣地亚哥校区，他在上个世纪70年代提出了“空间语法”，在80年代逐步发展其学术思想，到了80年代末和90年代初发展成了一个系统、完整的语言学理论。这个理论的产生与当时科学理论的大背景相符。随着计算机时代的到来，认知科学应运而生，它是一门综合学科，涉及计算机自然语言理解、人工智能、语言学、心理学、系统论等多种学科。为了适应科学的发展，美国的很多大学建立了认知科学学院。

提 要：真实动作有载力的动力动作和不载力的非动力动作之分，因此动词也就可以分为动力动词和非动力动词。笔者发现动力动词和非动力动词有着句法的对立性，即非动力动词所构建的句子可以主宾对调而句意不变;动力动词所构建的句子主宾对调之后，或句意变更，或逻辑上不成立。因此，动力动词和非动力动词就可以成为汉语动词按力学特性的分类。

关键词：动力动词，非动力动词，两性动词

在客观世界里存在着两种动作，一种是受力驱使而产生的动作，因为负载着动力，所以叫动力动作;另一种不受力的驱使，纯粹是事物的运动表现，因为不负载动力，所以叫非动力动作。表述动力动作的词就叫动力动词;表述非动力动作的词就叫非动力动词。汉语动词的绝大部分都分属于这两种动词，但也有一小部分动词既表现了动力性，也表现了非动力性，这种动词便叫两性动词。下面就对这三种动词及其句法功能进行具体的优势分析。

1998年5月6日加拿大圣文生大学的Marie-Lucie Tarpent在Linguistic List电子论坛第9 668期上(以下略Linguistic List)报道了她所观察到的英语某些词汇在用法和发音上发生较多变化,由此引起了美加英各国学者们的注意,纷纷参与了讨论。Linguistic List的编者特此开辟了“英语的最近变化”专题展开讨论,为时近3个月,讨论内容从语音和词汇语法扩展至对英语变化的规模,原因和态度的认识,但不包括新词语的创造,这是可以理解的,一方面随着社会生产的发展和科学技术的进步,新词语日新月异,不可能一一讨论,另一方面,所谓变化,必然指现有语音和词汇语法的“变化”更为切题。由于英语已发展为具有多种变体(如英国英语,美国英语,加拿大英语,澳大利亚英语等)的大语种,而讨论者以美国学者居多,因此所谓的英语变化多数为美国英语的变化。

英汉形容词概念化的差别对其有无标记用法的影响

摘要：人类语言在形容词的有无标记用法上表现出了高度的一致性，但是局部也存在着明显的差别。本文以汉语和英语为例说明，这种差别主要来于不同语言的有关概念化方式的不同。概念化涉及一个民族认识外界事物的特点，不同民族对同一现象的认知视点的差异，可能造成不同语言的对应词语的表义范围的不同，从而影响到有关词语的句法行为。本文的研究除了具有一定的理论意义以外，还对英语教学和对外汉语教学有参考价值。

关键词：概念化 形容词 无标记 英语教学 对外汉语教学

Metaphor and the Space Structuring Model

Seana Coulson

University of California, San Diego

Teenie Matlock

University of California, Santa Cruz

ABSTRACT

We propose an account of metaphor comprehension based on conceptual blending theory. We review data from on-line processing measures that support predictions of conceptual blending theory, and report results of an off-line feature listing study that assessed how different sorts of contexts alter the information activated by a given word. Participants generated features for words used in the null context, in sentences that promoted a literal reading of the target word, sentences that promoted a metaphorical reading, and sentences that required literal mapping. In literal mapping, the literal sense of the word was used in a way that prompts the reader to blend it with structure from a different domain. Results revealed some overlap in the features generated in each of the four contexts, but that some proportion of the features listed for words in literal, literal mapping, and metaphoric sentence contexts were unique and context-specific.

Metaphor and the Space Structuring Model

Moral Politics:How Liberals and Conservatives Think

An excerpt from

Moral Politics

How Liberals and Conservatives Think

George Lakoff

Chapter Two

The Worldview Problem for American Politics

Puzzles for Liberals

Conservatives are fond of suggesting that liberals don’t understand what they say, that they just don’t get it. The conservatives are right. The ascendancy of conservative ideology in recent years and, in particular, the startling conservative victory in the 1994 congressional elections have left liberals mystified about a great many things. Here are some examples.

The best collections about CL and second language acquisition are the Achard & Niemeier (2004) edited volume, Cognitive Linguistics, Second Language Acquisition & Foreign Language Teaching and the Putz, Dirven & Niemeier (2001) two volume set Applied Cognitive Linguistics. Vol.1 deals with theory & acquisition. Vol.2 with language pedagogy.

Recent milestones in the lexicon-encyclopedia debate

Peeters, Bert (2000). “Setting the scene. Recent milestones in the lexicon-encyclopedia debate”.

The lexicon – encyclopedia interface

(Current research in the semantics / pragmatics interface, 5; Bert Peeters, ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Science. 1-52.

Setting the scene:

Some recent milestones in the

lexicon-encyclopedia debate[1]

Bert Peeters

University of Tasmania, School of English and European Languages and

Literatures, GPO Box 252-82, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia

E-mail: Bert.Peeters@utas.edu.au

0. Introduction

Questions about the exact nature of linguistic as opposed to non-linguistic knowledge have been asked for as long as humans have studied language, be it as linguists, philosophers, psychologists, language teachers, semioticians, cognitive scientists, whatever. The distinction has been maintained and defended by some, attacked and abandoned by others. Those who have maintained and defended the distinction have drawn the line in many different ways. Very solid arguments have been advanced in both camps; in the course of a) editing this volume, and b) doing the research leading up to the present paper, I have seen so many that in the end, no longer sure of my own thoughts on the matter, I had to reluctantly decide to cancel my own contribution, or at least to hold it over until I would have had enough time for further reflexion.

Surface Generalizations: an alternative to alternations

2002. Cognitive Linguistics.

Surface Generalizations: an alternative to alternations[1]

Adele E. Goldberg

University of Illinois

Abstract

Since the earliest days of generative grammar, there has existed a strong tendency to consider one argument structure construction in relation to a particular rough paraphrase. Initially this was a result of the emphasis on transformations that derived one pattern from another. While today there exist many non-derivational theories for which this motivation no longer exists, the traditional outlook has not completely lost its grip, as can be seen from continuing focus on partial or incomplete generalizations such as the “dative” construction or the “locative” alternation. This paper argues that it is profitable to look beyond alternations and to consider each surface pattern on its own terms. Differences among instances of the same surface pattern are often most naturally attributed directly to the different verbs and arguments involved.